Change in Congress Due To Republicans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change in Congress Due To Republicans - Essay Example A student testing for drugs for the first time may find it a rather daunting, and emotional experience, but they should be aware that they are not there to judge any of the subjects; nor the educational faculty. The student tester must be professional; impartial observation, amiability without familiarity, and also the ability to keep their focus in very testing circumstances. The student will be assessed in all of these areas, and also upon their ability to understand their role in the testing of teenagers, and the statistical likelihood that any student they meet will test positive for drugs. Drug testing is a contentious issue, with some seeing the Supreme Court's rulings in cases such as the Board of Education V. Earls (2002), as allowing a much broader invasion of student privacy than ever before; others argue that students should be required to submit to urine testing as part of the ever pressing war on drug use in America. As early as April 1999, Congress had been under increasing pressure to implement drug tests in schools, with Representatives arguing that: Increasing public concern about the nature of drug use in and around schools made the government choose a selective policy of urine testing to reassure parents that students were not taking drugs in class. It has been claimed that High School Senior Surveys shows a decline in drug use since the 1979, and that daily use of marijuana has fallen "From 10.3% to 4.0%" (Morgan, 1988). His conclusion, that marijuana use has slumped ("Declined significantly"), does not stem fear about student use of the drug, and this is what must be borne in mind when considering the role of routine urine testing in school admissions. Testing in Schools While many object to the use of random drug testing as a condition of admission to school, which is prohibited anyway as the school is a public body, this is not the case for extracurricular pastimes such as sports. The Supreme Court also noted that: Students are required to submit to physical examinations and Vaccinations which indicates that students have a lesser privacy interest than the general public.(Missouri Centre, 2002) Moreover, while there is some evidence that Drug testing of any kind, including for cause or suspicion, was not A significant predictor of Marijuana use." (Yamaguchi, et al, 2003ii) Routine drug testing is a standard procedure in sporting competitions and in the workplace: it should not therefore be seen as an over zealous requirement. "Drug-testing in schools and the workplace is not simply about individual behaviour" (Campbell, 2004, 86), it is, of course, also about the control that the school has over the children in its care. It is a school's responsibility to act as loco parentis and to enforce the law. Concerns over the invasion of a child's privacy during urine testing is dependant upon the idea of close observation of the child making the specimen, and then handing over this specimen to be tested by strangers (Boire, 2004). Of course, issues of trust also make things difficult: Routine drug testing implies, not merely that the tester mistrusts one student (Bailey, 1997, 5), but the entire generation. It may also make students more reluctant to participate in outside-hours activity - with the

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict Essay

How do we explain the development of intrastate or civil conflict - Essay Example Internal conflicts contribute to disruption of the existing infrastructure and depreciate economic development, which is highlighted in poor African countries with long recovery periods that adversely affect people’s economic, health and social wellbeing (Collier, 1998). The politics of a country may make unequal distribution of a country’s resources and wealth, and this ultimately leads to violent rebellions against the rich and those in power. Armed civil conflicts are mostly common in the economically underdeveloped nations with high prevalence of joblessness, oppression, and injustice. The After Effects of European Colonialism The Berlin conference laid up the strategies for dividing Africa necessitating the creation of haphazard artificial boundaries. The large expanse of the African continent became a challenge for colonial administrators who lacked the manpower and resources to effectively rule the land (Shah, 2010). They used the divide and rule policy, which fe rmented numerous and disastrous conflicts. The boundaries colonialists created in Africa served their own economic interests. Colonialism erased entire cultures, and they way of life of many communities, most colonies were given minimal education, and religion to suit the Europeans needs (Shah, 2010). The postcolonial period proved difficult for Africans as the majority had useless skills unequipped for rebuilding their continent, coupled with people of diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultures crammed up together in depraved conditions. These people lacked the capacity to accommodate each other and develop nationalism that is exhibited in other parts of the world (Shah, 2010). Majority of the leaders that assisted Europeans to govern were ambitious and corrupt and they ruthlessly exploited their fellow Africans for their own gain. After independence, these people ascended to powerful political positions and to safeguard their positions majority used single party leaderships to rule. Single party leadership oppressed many citizens creating civil wars that led to assassinations and coups. These regimes are responsible for a majority of the civil wars experienced in Africa (Shah, 2010). Colonialists who introduced new cash crops directed the national economic activities of most developing countries. The Africans lost their native crops, which were suited to their climates and embraced foreign cash crops to serve the western markets exposing them to food insecurities (Shah, 2010). The nationalization of commercial cash crop farming and mineral mining in some regions make these people dependent on limited economic activities exposing them to fluctuating world market, prices increasing civil war risks. Africa constitutes very many ethnic communities and sub tribes that previously coexisted peacefully. The scramble for Africa by Europeans divided the continent and changed the structural life of Africans. Most colonialist governments promoted Darwinism, which elevated some communities and oppressed others leading to fundamental inequalities that have persisted to the current times. The Rwandese genocide arose from the tribal hierarchy left by the Belgium after Rwanda gained independence. They had made Tutsis